Breastfeeding is better for your baby Essay Example for Free

Breastfeeding is better for your baby Essay Among the many decision a woman faces when she is pregnant, is whether or not she will breastfeed her child. In our society and in this day and age, this has become a matter of choice as opposed to long ago where formula was nonexistent and the only means of nurturing your baby was to breastfeed. Many women are oblivious to the health risks their baby may endure having not being breastfed. Research and studies show that babies who are breastfed have better health among other things if they are breastfed. To add to that, formula companies tend to obscure the truth and bribe the doctors in to promoting their product. This essay aims to investigate these issues and address the matter at hand by stating why it is a much better choice to breastfeed a baby. As I mentioned above, whether or not a women wants to breastfeed or formula feed is now a matter of choice. Before I move forward, I want to explain about the history of breastfeeding and formula feeding. Before the modern era, breasfeeding was usually the normal procedure for feeding an infant. If a woman had problems breastfeeding her baby, the family would usually hire a wet nurse to nurture the baby in place of the mother. This was considered very normal. As a matter of fact, wet nurses were chosen with the utmost care, because it was vital and essential for a baby to receive the right amount of nutrients. Another alternative to wet nurses was cow’s milk, or in correct terms the process of â€Å"dry nursing† was established. Wet nursing and dry nursing were the common alternatives to breastfeeding during the early 19th century. However, in the turn of events another breast milk substitute had evolved. Formula had been created and was in lieu of breastfeeding. One of the biggest known named companies of today, Nestle was a big contributor to the establishment and creation of formula. Add another century, and formula feeding is not considered the norm in many societies. Because formula is widely accepted as a means of nurturing a baby, production of formula has boomed and many formula manufacturers thrust to advertize their product. Because of this, many doctors have received a cut for promoting formula from these major manufacturers. While the new mother who has just given birth to her baby feels that formula feeding is better since the doctor recommended it, little does she know that the doctor is doing what he was endorsed to do. Could this mean that many doctors are withholding the truth for money? It may very well be and I will further discuss this issue. According to studies done in the US, fewer than half of the babies are exclusively breastfed during their first two days in the hospital. By the time they are six months old, only 19 percent of US babies receive any breast milk† (Coburn, 2000, 1). This is in large part due to the doctor’s orders. Little do these mothers know that the doctors are pushing formula products on these new mothers because they are obliged to do so under a contract. Coburn also states â€Å"To promote artificial feeding, formula manufacturers spend millions of dollars securing exclusive distribution deals for formula samples, at a yearly average of $6,000 to $8,000 per doctor† (p. 2). Many formula companies distribute their products to hospitals to advertize their formula. It is a form of bribery, because if you give the doctors and physicians money they will without a doubt encourage the recommendation of that particular product. Or in some instances, mothers are given a gift basket upon delivery of their new baby. This gift basket has formula in it. In doing this â€Å"research shows this tacit endorsement of the hospitals part is so effective in establishing brand loyalty that 93 percent of mothers who artificially feed continue to use the brand of formula given to them by the hospital† (Coburn, 2000, p. ). There is a lot of brainwashing going on just for a buck. Since these mothers are now formula feeding instead of breastfeeding they begin to see the effect on their income. It is much more costly than breastfeeding. Some mothers even dilute their formula to make it last a little longer before going out and buying some more. This in turn is very nutrition-depleting. I will elaborate further on nutrition, but in the end these formula manufacturers are competing not with their rival companies, but with breastfeeding itself. And because of this, many mothers are caught in the middle of this war not aware that breastfeeding is the best means to nurture her baby. As mentioned above, breastfeeding is the natural way to nurture a baby. It is also better for the baby and there are many studies to prove this. Breastfeeding does help prevent a number of sicknesses a baby may endure. As mentioned by Laura Sterling a pediatrician â€Å"I discuss the impact of breastfeeding on incidence of otisis, media, asthma, obesity and all-cause diarrhea. I also counsel that breast milk may decrease severity of diarrhea because it is much easier on the digestive system than formula† (Sterling, 2003, p. 3). Obesity as Sterling mentions has also been decreased when a child is breastfed rather than formula fed. If a baby is breastfed for at least 3-5 months, obesity in the US will reduce 35 %. Carol Campbell states â€Å"infants who were fed breast milk more than infant formula milk, or who were breast fed for longer periods, had a low risk of being overweight during older childhood and adolescence† (2000, p. 102). If we look at breastfeeding on a global perspective, around the world breastfeeding is encouraged as well. In Bangladesh for example, infant mortality rates are severely high. Penny Van Esterick states that any decrease in breastfeeding would definitely increase infant mortality (2003, p. 57). Also, many countries around the world that use water to create the formula aren’t aware of the toxins the water may contain, thus making the baby very sick. A mother passes on various nutrients to her child when she breastfeeds, something that artificial milk does not do. A random study also concluded that when babies’ breastfeed they are more likely not to experience pain while undergoing minor procedures. We can also look at breastfeeding from an anthropological standpoint. Anthropologist Shannen L. Robson stated â€Å"For most pormate species the period of accelerated growth ends shortly after birth, but for humans it continues for a year postnatally, when infants are nutritionally dependant on breast milk. A pattern of early postnatal brain growth that is unique among mammals must require a unique milk to supply the needs of the developing human infant (2004, p. 19). So as we may see, there are many benefits, an infinite amount of studies concluding that breastfeeding is much better for a baby as opposed to formula feeding. Concluding my essay it is evident I am pro breastfeeding. It is much healthier for your baby as studies are there to prove this. Not only that, it is eye-opening to know that doctors withhold telling their expecting mother patients that breastfeeding is the better choice all for the means of gaining more money. It is also interesting to note, that women who breastfeed are more likely to lose more weight effectively than their formula feeding counterparts. Who doesn’t want to lose weight after giving birth? It is much more advantageous to breastfeed, especially when it is 2 in the morning and your newborn is crying their lungs out because they want to be fed. I think getting up picking up your newborn and breastfeeding them is much better than having to warm and prepare the formula in a zombielike state.

Cars Enslave Us Rather Than Liberate Us Essay Example for Free

Cars Enslave Us Rather Than Liberate Us Essay How much effort do you put in travelling to school or workplace each week? Created in 1870, cars have been one of the most useful and spectacular inventions of human beings. The society we live in has recently became completely reliant on these fuel-burning vehicles. It is widely discuss whether cars are a blessing or a real nightmare that may lead people astray. As a young driver, I firmly believe in the liberating power of cars. Not only do they facilitate life, but also encourage to broadens one’s horizons, which may be justified in the following essay. To begin with, cars allow people to travel from place to place with no limits. Basically, they give a perfect opportunity for those who live in the suburbs and have no access to the public transport. Living far away from the city requires the involvement of other people, typically parents, who drive their children to various places. Otherwise, how would they be able to develop and participate in some additional activities, like volunteering or learning to play the violin? It is important to stress that these ingenious machines may give people the fantastic experience of travelling round the world without worrying about covering long distances having a place to sleep when one is on the way! Furthermore, cars have an unquestionable advantage over the means of public transport. Given the choice between walking in the rain to get to the bus station or taking a car and driving directly to one’s destination, who would not prefer the latter? Rarely do people claim that cars are less convenient or luxurious that buses owing to having the air-conditioning system or soft seats. What is more, there is little possibility of getting stuck in the crowd or being exposed to delay or robbery. Surprisingly, people who travel with the use of public transport are more likely to be late and to demonstrate continual anxiety. On the other hand, cars are very expensive to maintain. They burn a lot of fuel and, therefore, force people to be more restrictive about their expenses. However, public transport is not free too. For a five-member family, it is quite more beneficial to have a car since it not only saves money, but also a lot of free time that can be spent on more pleasant activities. To conclude, living without a car appears to have a lot of serious disadvantages. It strikes me that these vehicles save a lot of time and do not put any demand to subordinate to timetables. To my mind, they liberate us rather than enslave us.

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay Cerebral Palsy is a common neuro developmental disorder of childhood with prevalence is about 2 per 1000 births in industrial nations [Pameth et al, 1981] and 3 per 100 live births WHO 1999] It is defined as a permanent, non progressive defect or lesion present at birth or shortly thereafter. Cerebral refers to brain and palsy refers to lack of motor control. The childs co ordination of movement is affected, making it difficult or impossible to practice and perfect skills of daily life. Traditionally prenatal etiology, prematurity, total growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia and other perinatal causes like trauma have all been implicated as risk factors for cerebral palsy. (National collaborative perinatal project NCPP data). Cerebral Palsy (CP) is classified clinically in terms of the part of the body involved,eg., hemiplegia, diplegia, quadraplegia and by the clinical perceptions of tone and involuntary movement., eg., Spasti , athetoid , ataxic [ Roberta B.Shepherd 1995] 1.2 SPASTIC DIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY Spasticity affects approximately 75% of all patients with cerebral palsy and when characterized by body part. Diplegia is the most commonest type. These disorders are due to faulty development damage or to motor area in the brain which disrupt the brains ability to adequately control movement and posture. Tends to affect the legs of a patient more than the arms.Spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy patients have more extremity than the upper extremity.This allows most people with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy to eventually walk. The gait of a person with spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy is typically characterized by a crouched gait. Toe walking and fixed knees are common attributes. Spasticity is a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks , resulting from hyper excitability of the stretch reflex [ Lance 1980]. Contracture is a loss of passive range of motion assessed by measuring maximum passive joint excursion [Horsley et al 2007, Harvey et al 2006]. Spasticity can lead to contracture [Farmer and James 2001, Tardien et al 1982] and both spastcicty and contracture can limit activity [Boyd and Ada 2008, Hoffler et al 1987]. Two approaches used for the treatment of children with physical disabilities are advanced physiotherapy treatment called Neuro developmental therapy (NDT) and muscle energy technique (MET). The aim of Neuro development therapy is through specialized techniques of handling, to give children with cerebral palsy the experience of a greater variety of co ordinated movement patterns where as muscle energy technique functions by relaxing acute muscle spasm mobilizing the restricted soft tissue and toning the weakened musculatures. 1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY: Since spasticity in the muscles affects the functional gait pattern and decreases the childs ambulatory independency, therefore the need for the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of neuro developmental therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Effectiveness of Neuro Developmental Therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.5 OBJECTIVE: Treatment of children using neuro developmental therapy Treatment of children using muscle energy technique. Compare and contrast Neuro Developmental Therapy in relation to muscle energy Technique. To determine the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy and muscle energy technique that improves the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.6 HYPOTHESIS: The null hypothesis upon which the study is designed can be stated as there is no significant improvement in functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy by the application of NDT MET. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Rosenbaum palsy[2003]-Defines cerebral palsy as an umbrella term covering a group of non progressive, but after changing motor impairment syndromes secondary to lesions or anomalies of the brain arising in the early stages of development. He is saying that cerebral palsy refers to a group of disabilities that will not self correct, which affects children while very strong and that disrupt the childs movement ability in connection with brain function. Baxm,Goldstein,et al.,(2005) defined cerebral palsy as a group of disorders that affect the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, and are attributed to non progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant born. Becker Jg-stated that spastic paresis is characterized by a posture-and movement dependent tone regulation disorder. The clinical symptoms are the loss or absence of tone in lying, and increases in tone in sitting, standing, walking, or running, depending on the degree of involvement, spastic paresis is the most common motor disorder (83%). Janstephan Tecklin (2008)-stated that the child with classic spastic diplegia will typically demonstrate hypotonia through the neck and trunk while having increased stiffness in both legs. Bernard Dan (2001)-stated that spastic diplegia characterized by limb hypertonia, which is more marked distally, predominates the lower limbs and increases active mobilization, hyperactive jerks, extensor plantar responses and varying degree of trunk hypotonia. Felters-1(Phy Therapy 1996)-Did a study on the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy versus practice on reaching of children with spastic cerebral palsy. It was found that NDT was more effective Iddav Embrey Et Al [1990] Conducted a study on effects of neuro -developmental treatment and inhibitive ankle height orthroses on gait with spastic diplegic children with cerebral palsy . The results shows that both methods of treatment can be used to decrease excessive knee flexion during gait in a children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Lilly La Powell NJ -Conducted a study regarding measuring the effects of neuro developmental treatment on the daily living skills of two children with cerebral palsy. They examined the short term effects of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) was found that improvements were made in the motor performance of daily living skills in two girls with cerebral palsy. Bobath Therapy is a physical technique, principally used with cerebral palsy to inhibit abnormal movement or postures and promote effective normalized movement and muscle tone [Early physiotherapy or Bobath technique in infants with suspected neuro motor disturbance 1981]. Ketelarr m, et al., Did a study on the effects of functional therapy programe on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. They found improvement in both gross motor abilities and functional skills in children who received functional physical therapy programe.(physical therapy 2001). Nikos Tsorlakis Et al [2004] -Conducted a study on effect of Neuro Developmental Treatment on gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. They found that improvement were made in the gross motor abilities in children who received Neuro Developmental Therapy. Kostidis, Michaei [2009] -The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Muscle Energy Technique (MET), to a static stretch of 30 seconds duration for increasing the extensibility of the hamstring muscles. The result showed that MET was more effective, compared to static stretching. Mohd.Waseem et al [2009]-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique [MET] on hamstring flexibility in normal INDIAN collegiate males. The result indicates that MET is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility [range of motion] in collegiate males. Kmberly Bucham [2007] -In that study to investigate the effectiveness of MET in increasing passive knee extension. Results showed that a significant increase in range of motion was observed at the knee flexion a application of MET. Wilson E, Donegam Shoafl, et al., [2003]-Conducted a study on effects of MET in patients with acute low back pain. The results showed that MET was effective in decreasing disability and improving function in patients with acute low back pain. Ballantyne, Fryer G, et al., [2003]-The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Muscle Energy Technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change in range of motion is passive due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Ching Shag Anita,et al., [2004]-The study was conducted to compare the immediate effects and lasting effects between passive stretch and Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Muscle Extensibility. The result suggested that Muscle Energy Technique appeared to be more effective than passive stretching for increasing Hamstring Extensibility immediately post treatment and still at one hour. Msalle me et al-WEE FIM is a valid measure for tracking disability in preschool age and middle childhood and this allows the paediatrician to prioritize interventions for enhancing comprehensive functional outcomes and supporting families. Yung a, wong v et al., WEE FIM could be used to assist neuro rehabilitation clinicians in the selection of short term realistic goals and long term rehabilitation strategies for children with various Neuro Developmental disabilities. Dr.Fayetteville,ms.smith et al.,- to determine the inter rater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a Modified Ashworth Scale was significant and the reliability was good and believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the Modified Ashworth Scale for grading spasticity. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The cerebral palsy children were selected on an initial baseline assessment and confirmation of their diagnosis. 3.1 SUBJECTS: Male and female cerebral palsy children between age group of four to fourteen years were taken. The children were primarily diagnosed and evaluated by a neurologist and a pediatrician and were referred to physical therapy. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOL USED: Modified Ashworth Scale Weefim Scale 3.3 MATERIALS USED: Floor Smooth non slippery Surface. A large firm exercise mat (minimum 4 or 6) with a maximum thickness of 1 for proprioception and tactile feedback. So the child has better sensory information regarding movement. Small interesting toys that can be touched with one or both hands for head control, reaching, eye fixation. Pillows. Therapy ball and Bolsters provides mobile surface and facilitate automatic reactions. Small wooden chair, Bench and couch of various heights for short sitting , table top activities , stepping , climbing and so on. A rail or parallel bars. Tilt boards and equilibrium boards for the child may lie, sit, kneel, stand or maintain a quadruped position, while being rocked in mediolateral or anteroposterior directions and to elicit rightening reactions. Adaptive equipment to offer postural support or may aid functional skills and mobility. Soft soothing music to motivate the child. Stop watch. 3.4 METHODOLOGY 3.4.1. STUDY DESIGN: This will be an experienced study with two groups having pretest and post test groups. 3.4.2. STUDY SETTING: This study was done in Families for children podanur, Amrit orthopedics rehablitation centre, Coimbatore and in patients who were referred for physical therapy from department of pediatrics and neurology, SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE. 3.4.3. TOTAL STUDY DURATION: 6 Months. 3.4.4. TREATMENT TIME: 45 Minutes duration per day for three weeks. 3.5. SELECTION CRITERIA 3.5.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Children with mild to moderate spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy. Ability to understand and respond to verbal instructions. Gross Motor Function Classification level and II and III. Cognitively Sound. Children within the age group of 4-14 years. Both male and female. 3.5.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Gross Motor Function Classification level IV and V. Mental retardation. Uncontrolled Epilepsy. Children with Athetoid and Mixed type of cerebral palsy. Visual and hearing impairment. Respiratory distress. Congenital heart problems. Children with fixed skeletal or hip deformities. Difficulty to understand command. 3.6. SAMPLING: 20 Children were selected based on inclusion criteria. They were further divided into control and experimental group containing 10 children in each group based on convenient sampling. Control group ( Group A ) : Children receiving Neuro developmental therapy. Experimental group (Group B): Children receiving Neuro development therapy with Muscle Energy Technique. 3.7. STATISTICAL TOOL: The data collected was analyzed using independent t- test. The test was carried out between 2 groups. The pretest and post test values for 2 groups are to be calculated and will be assessed for variation and improvements their significance will be assessed. t = x1 x2 n1 n2 S ( n1 + n2 ) S = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ ( x1 x1 ) 2 + ( x2 x2 ) 2 n1 + n2 2 where, S = Combined standard deviation x1 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° x1 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° n1 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° n2 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° 4. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 4.1 NEURO DEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY (BOBATH THERAPY) Bobath concept is the most familiar and widely used approach for children with neurologic disorders. It is originated in 1940 and early 1950. PRINCIPLES: Patterns of movement Use of handling Prerequisites for movement NDT Treatment constructs a purposeful relationship between sensory input and motor output. Therapeutic handling is a primary intervention strategy that NDT therapists use to assist the client in achieving independent function. ABNORMAL TONE ABNORMAL POSTURE ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REPETITION MEMORY EXECUTION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS The primary difference that separates NDT clinical practice from all other approaches is the inclusion of precise therapeutic handling, which includes both inhibition as key interventions to achieve independent function. HANDLING Handling is facilitation or inhibition of posture and movement: Normal postural control Movement in ground and space Experiences of various postures Postural alignment to weight shifts Variety of movement patterns Direct, regulate and organize tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular input. Direct the clients initiation of movement more efficiently and with more effective muscle synergies. Decrease the amount of force the client uses to stabilize the body segments. Guide to redirect the direction, speed, force and timing of the muscle activation for successful task completion. Sense the response of the client to the sensory input and movement outcome and provide non verbal feedback for reference of correction. When the client can become independent of the therapist and take control of posture and movement. Direct the clients attention to meaningful aspects of the motor task. HAND PLACEMENT Place the hands purposefully and precisely on the clients body to specifically influence the area under the hands to indirectly influence the body parts. FACILITATION Facilitation makes a posture or movement easier or more likely to occur. Facilitation modifies postural control by increasing the degrees of freedom, supporting a body segment during an activity. Activating the postural system to produce a change in the alignment of the body relative to the gravity and BOS. INHIBITION Inhibition refers to restricting the clients atypical postures and movements which interferes with the development of more selective movement patterns. BOBATH APPROACH It referred to reducing tone and reflex activity resulting from CNS dysfunction. Inhibiting excessive co activation-dynamic stability for more effective postural control. Balance antagonistic muscle groups. Reduce spasticity or excessive muscle stiffness that interferes with moving specific segments of the body.(Facilitation and Inhibition techniques are used in combination) Treatment strategies often include preparation and stimulation of critical foundation elements (task components) as well as practice of the whole task. NDT intervention is designed to obtain active responses from the patient on goal activities. Whenever possible during treatment movement is indicated and actively performed by the client. NDT intervention includes planning and solving motor problems. NDT intervention allows the patient to learn from errors that occur during movement. Repetition is an important component during motor learning. Create an environment that is conductive to co operative participation and support of the clients effort. Knowledge of development of posture and movement components are used in designing treatment strategies. NDT therapy sessions provide motivation purpose to engage the client fully in developing and reinforcing movement responses. NDT intervention methods include modifying the task or the environment to take into account the clients current level of performance and capacity for function. As client is able to perform the movement independently, the therapist provides time during the sessions for the client to move freely. Individual treatment sessions are designed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment within the session. Recognize and respect the communicative effects of the clients motor behavior. Families receive information regarding clients problems and management of those problems as they are able to understand and assimilate the information. 4.2 MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE Muscle Energy Technique is a procedure that involves voluntary contraction of the patients muscle in a precisely controlled manner at varying level of intensity, against a executed counterforce applied by the therapist. Muscle Energy Technique are used to treat somatic dysfunction, especially decreased range of motion, muscular hyper tonicity and pain. MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Technique is a direct,active technique requiring patients co-operation for maximal effect. The changes occurring when patient performs isometric conttaction are: Direct inhibition of agonist muscles results due to Golgi Tendon Organ activation. At antagonist muscles there occurs reflexive reciprocal inhibition. When Patient is relaxing agonist and antagonist remain inhibited. This allows the joint to be moved into the restricted range of motion. TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Techniques could be applied to most areas of the body. Each of the technique requires following 8 steps: Obtaining an accurate structural diagnosis. The restrictive barrier is engaged in many planes. The unyielding counterforce matches patients force with therapists force. The isometric contraction of patient has correct amount of force, direction of effort and duration (3-5 seconds). After muscle effort there is complete relaxation. The patient is repositioned in possible planes into new restrictive barrier. Repeat 3-6 steps approximately 3-5 times. 8. Repeat structural diagnosis to find whether dysfunction has resolved. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Cerebral palsy children were treated with Neuro Developmental Therapy and Muscle Energy Technique. Neuro Developmental Therapy was given for control group (Group A ) which consisted 10 samples and Neuro Developmental Therapy with Muscle Energy Technique (Group B ) which also consisted of 10 samples. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: GROUP A (CONTROL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 years 0 0 5-6 years 0 0 6-7 years 2 0 7-8 years 2 0 8-10 years 1 0 10-12 years 2 1 12-14 years 1 1 GROUP B (EXPERIMENTAL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 Years 0 0 5-6 Years 0 0 6-7 Years 1 0 7-8 Years 1 0 8-10 Years 1 1 10-12 Years 1 2 12-14 Years 2 1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: s14) Group A (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 5 10 5 3. 7 10 3 4. 3 7 4 5. 5 9 4 6. 7 10 3 7. 5 8 3 8. 3 6 3 9. 7 9 2 10. 5 7 2 MEAN 5.0 8.2 3.2 WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: 14) Group -B (Experimental Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 7 11 4 3. 3 10 7 4. 5 9 4 5 3 12 8 6. 5 12 7 7. 4 7 3 8. 8 12 4 9. 3 7 4 10. 3 6 3 MEAN 4.4 9.2 4.7 WEEFIM GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 5.0 8.2 0.918 2.25 0.05 B 4.4 9.2 1.888 MAS Group -A NDT (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 3 -1 2. 4 3 -1 3 4 1 -3 4. 4 2 -2 5. 4 3 -1 6. 3 1 -2 7 3 2 -1 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 1 -3 10. 4 3 -1 MEAN 3.8 2.1 -1.7 MAS Group -B NDT + MET S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 1 -3 2. 4 1 -3 3. 4 1 -3 4 4 2 -2 5. 4 1 -3 6. 3 1 -2 7. 3 1 -2 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 2 -2 10. 3 1 -2 MEAN 3.7 1.3 -2.4 MAS GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 3.8 2.1 0.822 2.28 0.05 B 3.7 1.3 0.516 DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of NDT and MET in reduction of spasticity in children with spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy.30 children of age group between 4-14 years were selected for the experimental study. The study was carried out for a total duration of six months for a period of 45 minutes of treatment per day. The pre and post test scores of MAS and Wee FIM shows that significant improvements were found in reducing spasticity and ADL activities such as standing, walking, and stair climbing with less caregiver assistance. For MAS score, the average pre test and post test values of Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (1.7) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (2.4). On Statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.28 For Wee FIM score, the average pre test and post test valves in Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (3.2) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (4.7). On statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.25 From this we infer that NDT along with MET can be used as an efficient treatment protocol to reduce spasticity and to improve ADL activities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. CONCLUSION With reference to the statistical analysis done from the data collected for MAS and Wee FIM, it is noted that the combination of NDT with MET causes significant reduction in tone which produces improvement in ADL activities. However it is necessary to state that mere NDT also produces improvement in MAS and Wee FIM but the data reveals that mean improvement is greater for the group to which MET is given. These findings suggest that MET attenuates physical symptoms associated with cerebral palsy and enhances development. Hence forth it could be concluded with enough and proven confidence that NDT along with MET forms an integral part in the treatment of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. LIMITATIONS: The study was a time bound study lacking large sample size. Selection of only one muscle cant fulfill the desire functional goal setup by therapist. Irregularities in attendance. Health problems. No regular follow-up of home advices. Difficulties of the communication. RECOMMENDATIONS: The technique of the study is not strict to one particular muscle or one specific condition, so it is applicable to various muscles in various conditions. Post Isometric Relaxation and Post Facilitation Stretching, which is a safetyorm of stretching is advice to use maximum in place of passive stretching of muscle. It is suggested for further research to conduct a combined therapy of NDT, MET with other Developmental Techniques for various muscle at a same time, so this will enhance to achieve goal which is setting for a particular child. This study may be useful to incorporate into further studies examining various muscles along with any development in multidisciplinary endorsed classification that are developed. BOOKS Leon Chaitow: Positional Release Techniques, 2002. Judith Delancy: Clinical application of Neuro muscular techniques, 2005. Leon chaitow: Muscle energy techniques. Janet.M,Howle: NDT approach theoretical foundations, 2002. Lisa A Kurtz: How to help a clumsy child, 2003. Freeman Miller,Erin Brown: cerebral palsy, 2005 Sophie Levit: Treatment of cerebral palsy and motor delay, 2010. Marcia Stame,MT: Posture and movement of the child with cerebral palsy. Jan Stephan Tecklin: Paediatric physical therapy 3rd edition, 1990. Gilroy J: Basic Neurology 2nd edition, 1992. Susan K Campbell: Physical Therapy for children, 1996. Roberta B Sheperd: Physiotherapy in Paediatrics 3rd edition, 1990. Rebecea Dutton: Clinical Reasoning in physical disabilities, 1995. Gupta SP: Text book of statistical methods 28th edition, 2000. Kothari CR: Text book of research methodology-methods and techniques, 2009. Carolyn M. Hicks: Research for physiotherapist 2nd edition, 1995. Sundar Roa, Richard J: An introduction to bio statistics 3rd edition, 1996. Acchors: Text book of paediatrics. Elizabeth Domholdt: Physical therapy research principles and application, 2000. ABSTRACTS Fryer et al: The effect of muscle energy technique on hamstring extensibility; Journal of osteopathic medicine, 2005. Shadmehr A: Hamstring flexibility in young women following passive stretch and muscle energy technique; J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 2009. Milivoj Velickovic Perat; Basic principles of the Neuro developmental Treatment, 2004. Christina Evaggelina et al: Effect of intensive Neuro Developmental Treatment in gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy, Dev. Med. Child Neurology, 2004. Smith M, Fryer G:

At war with my body :: Essays Papers

At war with my body The mind of a woman athlete is constantly fluttering with thoughts about what it is to be a woman athlete, how a women athlete should act, what she should wear and how she should look. Maybe not everyone’s mind is consumed by these thoughts, but at some point every woman struggles with the negative stereotypes about women. There I was again—out on the track, softball field, basketball court, ski hill, volleyball court—trying to prove myself. Prove that I was not just another girl who played sports. I was good, strong, unique—a pretty blonde girl who didn’t â€Å"throw like a girl† or â€Å"ski like a pussy.† I transgressed gender stereotypes, rejecting girls who fit into those negative stereotypes. Don’t ask me what I am eating again, should I eat now, does my butt look too big—thighs too beefy†¦how can I be a ski racer and maintain my smaller frame? No time to work out during ski season, am I getting fat? M aybe I shouldn’t eat as much. I need to go work out, let off some steam—get stronger, faster, harder, and more agile. I can lose 20 lbs.; I will still be healthy, right? But I don’t want to be too skinny, because if you’re too skinny, guys won’t like you, right?! Do my legs look too big in my G.S. suit? In the weight room—I am the only girl (as she is)—I like being â€Å"one of the guys,† but struggle when they talk to me like I am a guy. While benching 300 lbs, I hear them grunt—veins popping, sweat dripping, muscles ripped, listening to ACDC. I am running. Keep going—they’re watching. I go faster, harder. I run for 1 hour to prove myself. I max out on 210 lbs., squatting†¦I am strong. I want to impress them. For years and years, I try my hardest to throw like a man, run like a man, ski like a man, hit like a man, lift like a man. But, I am not a man. Leslie Heywood’s â€Å"Pretty Good for a Girl† highlights the war we, as women athletes, have with our own bodies. It stresses the fact that, â€Å"While the superstructure of women’s sports has improved in countless ways—better media coverage, more corporate endorsement of top athletes, and the breakdown of old stereotypes—the infrastructure of women’s sports remains precarious† (Heywood, xviii).

Of Mice and Men - 4th chapter Essay -- essays research papers

This passage comes from the fourth chapter in Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck. George and the other workers are â€Å"gone into town† (69). Lennie, Crooks and Candy are the only men remaining on the ranch. This excerpt characterizes Crooks and promotes the themes of loneliness and dreams. In addition, this passage characterizes Lennie and reinforces the theme of companionship. In this portion of the book, the author provides a precise characterization of Crooks. The stable buck takes â€Å"pleasure in his torture† (71) of Lennie. He suggests many scenarios that make Lennie miserable such as â€Å"Well s’pose, jus’s’pose he [George] don’t come back† (71) â€Å"s’pose he gets killed or hurt so he can’t come back† (71). Crooks’ suppositions are a sign of meanness, they demonstrate that loneliness has twisted his conscience. He also behaves this way because since â€Å"he ain’t got nobody† (72), he is jealous of Lennie’s friendship with George. Crooks suffers from loneliness. He has no one to turn to, and to be near him. He says it himself that â€Å"a guy needs somebody---to be near him† (72), or else â€Å"he ge...

Robbert Harris :: essays research papers

We have all read interesting, touching stories in our lifetime. I have read a few, myself. The one that really sticks out in my mind is, The Unquiet Death of Robert Harris by Michael Kroll. This story left me filled with emotions, opinions, and questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story was told by a man named Michael Kroll that had a very dear friend on death row named Robert Harrison. They had been friends for ten years and now that friendship was to come to an end. Nothing that night seemed to go as planned or on schedule. Michael and a few others including Roberts’s brother, waited several hours in a small room only to be filled into another small room, where they continued to wait. When Robert finally came into sight Michael was a little relieved. Nothing happened for a long time then they took Robert out of the room. Michael was confused and wasn’t sure what was going on. Finally they brought Robert back, and of course they executed him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the end of this story my first reaction was sadness. I felt awful for Michael, Robert, and everyone that was involved. I thought this story was the worst thing I ever heard, and I wanted to cry. My next reaction was anger. I was horrified that one human being could do something as horrible as this to another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next my brain started rattling with opinions. First I though the death penalty was a horrible thing, and should be outlawed completely. Then I started to think, what if it was my family, and someone had killed one of my family members. I would want that person dead! I wouldn’t care how they did it, when, or even where they did it, as long as I knew that they paid for what they did. In order to insure that they would never hurt anyone in my family, or even anybody at all ever again, they would have to be dead in my opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then came the questions. One major question I had was how did the death penalty ever come into the picture? Did some creep invent it, or was it discovered by accident? When did they start using the death penalty, and what state was first to use it? Is it legal in all states in the United States of America? After a person is executed, does the family get to perform a proper funeral as they please?

Case of Thabo Meli V R

THABO MELI v R Fact of the case : The defendants had taken their intended victim to a hut and plied him with drink so that he became intoxicated. They then hit the victim around the head, intending to kill him. In fact the defendants only succeeded in knocking him unconscious, but believing the victim to be dead, they threw his body over a cliff. The victim survived but died of exposure some time later. The defendants were convicted of murder, and appealed to the Privy Council on the ground that there had been no coincidence between mens rea and actus reus in order to put them liable for murder.Principle of the case : Approach use is the series of acts. This approach involves treating a series of distinct act as continuent parts of a larger transaction. Liability may be attached where at some point in the series of acts, the accused has the necessary mens rea even if the mens rea does not coincide precisely in time with act causing death. Argument by the appellant: The appellant cont ended that the two acts done were separate acts.The first act was done accompanied by mens rea which did not caused the death but the second act that caused death. They argued that the second act was not accompanied by mens rea, therefore, they were not guilty of murder. Defence by the respondent : it appears from the medical evidence that the injuries which deceased received in the hut were not sufficient to cause the death and that the final cause of his death was exposure where he was left at the foot of the krantz.There is no doubt that the accused set out to do all these acts in order to achieve their plan. Judgment of the case : It was impossible to divide up what was really one series of acts; the crime was not reduced from murder to a lesser crime, merely because the appellants were under some misapprehension for a time during the completion of their criminal plot; and, therefore, the appellants were guilty of murder.